The purpose of this NIH Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K01) is to provide salary and research support to investigators who are within ten years of completing their terminal professional degree or residency training. Research and mentorship must be in the field of HIV/AIDS translational studies, using nonhuman primates (NHPs) as preclinical models. These awards will provide 3 years of support for intensive research career development under the guidance of an experienced mentorship team, with expertise in both the pre-clinical application of NHP HIV/AIDS models and in translation of the results from such studies to clinical application in humans. The expectation is that this sustained experience will launch independent research careers and enable awardees to become competitive for new research project grant (e.g., R01) funding. This funding initiative addresses research priorities of the fiscal year (FY) 2021-2025 NIH Strategic Plan for HIV and HIV-Related Research (https://www.oar.nih.gov/hiv-policy-and-research/strategic-plan): reduce the incidence of HIV; develop next-generation HIV therapies; research toward HIV cure; and address HIV-associated comorbidities, coinfections, and complications. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is designed specifically for candidates proposing research that does not involve leading an independent clinical trial, a clinical trial feasibility study, or an ancillary study to a clinical trial. Applicants to this FOA are permitted to propose research experience in a clinical trial led by a mentor or co-mentor. Those proposing a clinical trial or an ancillary clinical trial as lead investigator, should apply to the companion FOA (FOA #).