The purpose of this Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) is to encourage clinical research that will identify and validate novel targets for non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) and SUD-relevant neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses to NIBS that precede clinical outcomes like reduced craving or drug use. This NOFO uses an R01 activity code to support applications that propose mechanistic studies designed to understand a behavior or biological process, the pathophysiology of a disease, or the mechanism of action of an intervention. In addition, applications must meet the NIH definition of a clinical trial. NIH defines a clinical trial as A research study in which one or more human subjects are prospectively assigned to one or more interventions (which may include placebo or other control) to evaluate the effects of those interventions on health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes. (NOT-OD-15-015) This NOFO requires a Plan for Enhancing Diverse Perspectives (PEDP), which will be assessed as part of the scientific and technical peer review evaluation. Applications that fail to include a PEDP will be considered incomplete and will be withdrawn. Applicants are strongly encouraged to read the NOFO instructions carefully and view the available PEDP guidance material.